7. Protocollo alla Convenzione per la repressione di atti illegali contro la sicurezza della navigazione marittima

(Londra, 14 ottobre 2005)

THE STATES PARTIES to this Protocol,

BEING PARTIES to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation done at Rome on 10 March 1988,

ACKNOWLEDGING that terrorist acts threaten international peace and security,

MINDFUL of resolution A.924(22) of the Assembly of the International Maritime Organization requesting the revision of existing international legal and technical measures and the consideration of new measures in order to prevent and suppress terrorism against ships and to improve security aboard and ashore, and thereby to reduce the risk to passengers, crews and port personnel on board ships and in port areas and to vessels and their cargoes,

CONSCIOUS of the Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism, annexed to United Nations General Assembly resolution 49/60 of 9 December 1994, in which, inter alia, the States Members of the United Nations solemnly reaffirm their unequivocal condemnation of all acts, methods and practices of terrorism as criminal and unjustifiable, wherever and by whomever committed, including those which jeopardize the friendly relations among States and peoples and threaten the territorial integrity and security of States,

NOTING United Nations General Assembly resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996 and the Declaration to Supplement the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism annexed thereto,

RECALLING resolutions 1368 (2001) and 1373 (2001) of the United Nations Security Council, which reflect international will to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and which assigned tasks and responsibilities to States, and taking into account the continued threat from terrorist attacks,

RECALLING ALSO resolution 1540 (2004) of the United Nations Security Council, which recognizes the urgent need for all States to take additional effective measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their means of delivery,

RECALLING FURTHER the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, done at Tokyo on 14 September 1963; the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, done at The Hague on 16 December 1970; the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 23 September 1971; the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 14 December 1973; the International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 17 December 1979; the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, done at Vienna on 26 October 1979 and amendments thereto adopted on 8 July 2005; the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 24 February 1988; the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, done at Rome on 10 March 1988; the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, done at Montreal on 1 March 1991; the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 15 December 1997; the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1999, and the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 13 April 2005,

BEARING IN MIND the importance of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea done at Montego Bay, on 10 December 1982, and of the customary international law of the sea,

CONSIDERING resolution 59/46 of the United Nations General Assembly, which reaffirmed that international co-operation as well as actions by States to combat terrorism should be conducted in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, international law and relevant international conventions, and resolution 59/24 of the United Nations General Assembly, which urged States to become parties to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and its Protocol, invited States to participate in the review of those instruments by the Legal Committee of the International Maritime Organization to strengthen the means of combating such unlawful acts, including terrorist acts, and also urged States to take appropriate measures to ensure the effective implementation of those instruments, in particular through the adoption of legislation, where appropriate, aimed at ensuring that there is a proper framework for responses to incidents of armed robbery and terrorist acts at sea,

CONSIDERING ALSO the importance of the amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, both adopted by the 2002 Conference of Contracting Governments to that Convention, in establishing an appropriate international technical framework involving co-operation between Governments, Government agencies, national and local administrations and the shipping and port industries to detect security threats and take preventative measures against security incidents affecting ships or port facilities used in international trade,

CONSIDERING FURTHER resolution 58/187 of the United Nations General Assembly, which reaffirmed that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law,

BELIEVING that it is necessary to adopt provisions supplementary to those of the Convention, to suppress additional terrorist acts of violence against the safety and security of international maritime navigation and to improve its effectiveness,

HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1

For the purposes of this Protocol:

1. “Convention” means the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, done at Rome on 10 March 1988.

2. “Organization” means the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

3. “Secretary-General” means the Secretary-General of the Organization.

Article 2

Article 1 of the Convention is amended to read as follows:

Article 1

1 . For the purposes of this Convention:

(a) “ship” means a vessel of any type whatsoever not permanently attached to the sea-bed, including dynamically supported craft, submersibles, or any other floating craft.

(b) “transport” means to initiate, arrange or exercise effective control, including decision-making authority, over the movement of a person or item.

(c) “serious injury or damage” means:

(i) serious bodily injury; or

(ii) extensive destruction of a place of public use, State or government facility, infrastructure facility, or public transportation system, resulting in major economic loss; or

(iii) substantial damage to the environment, including air, soil, water, fauna, or flora.

(d) “BCN weapon” means:

(i) “biological weapons”, which are:

(1) microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes; or

(2) weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.

(ii) “chemical weapons”, which are, together or separately:

(1) toxic chemicals and their precursors, except where intended for:

(A) industrial, agricultural, research, medical, pharmaceutical or other peaceful purposes; or

(B) protective purposes, namely those purposes directly related to protection against toxic chemicals and to protection against chemical weapons; or

(C) military purposes not connected with the use of chemical weapons and not dependent on the use of the toxic properties of chemicals as a method of warfare; or

(D) law enforcement including domestic riot control purposes,

as long as the types and quantities are consistent with such purposes;

(2) munitions and devices specifically designed to cause death or other harm through the toxic properties of those toxic chemicals specified in subparagraph (ii)(1), which would be released as a result of the employment of such munitions and devices;

(3) any equipment specifically designed for use directly in connection with the employment of munitions and devices specified in subparagraph (ii)(2).

(iii) nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices.

(e) “toxic chemical” means any chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere.

(f) “precursor” means any chemical reactant which takes part at any stage in the production by whatever method of a toxic chemical. This includes any key component of a binary or multicomponent chemical system.

(g) “Organization” means the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

(h) “Secretary-General” means the Secretary-General of the Organization.

2. For the purposes of this Convention:

(a) the terms “place of public use”, “State or government facility”, “infrastructure facility”, and “public transportation system” have the same meaning as given to those terms in the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, done at New York on 15 December 1997; and

(b) the terms “source material” and “special fissionable material” have the same meaning as given to those terms in the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), done at New York on 26 October 1956.

Article 3

The following text is added as article 2bis of the Convention:

Article 2bis

1. Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights, obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international law, in particular the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law.

2. This Convention does not apply to the activities of armed forces during an armed conflict, as those terms are understood under international humanitarian law, which are governed by that law, and the activities undertaken by military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties, inasmuch as they are governed by other rules of international law.

3. Nothing in this Convention shall affect the rights, obligations and responsibilities under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at Washington, London and Moscow on 1 July 1968, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, done at Washington, London and Moscow on 10 April 1972, or the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, done at Paris on 13 January 1993, of States Parties to such treaties.

Article 4

1. The chapeau of article 3, paragraph 1 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally:

2 . Article 3, paragraph 1(f) of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

communicates information which that person knows to be false, thereby endangering the safe navigation of a ship.

3 . Article 3, paragraph 1(g) of the Convention is deleted.

4 . Article 3, paragraph 2 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Any person also commits an offence if that person threatens, with or without a condition, as is provided for under national law, aimed at compelling a physical or juridical person to do or refrain from doing any act, to commit any of the offences set forth in paragraphs 1 (b), (c), and (e), if that threat is likely to endanger the safe navigation of the ship in question.

5 . The following text is added as article 3bis of the Convention:

Article 3bis

1. Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally:

(a) when the purpose of the act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act:

(i) uses against or on a ship or discharges from a ship any explosive, radioactive material or BCN weapon in a manner that causes or is likely to cause death or serious injury or damage; or

(ii) discharges, from a ship, oil, liquefied natural gas, or other hazardous or noxious substance, which is not covered by subparagraph (a)(i), in such quantity or concentration that causes or is likely to cause death or serious injury or damage; or

(iii) uses a ship in a manner that causes death or serious injury or damage; or

(iv) threatens, with or without a condition, as is provided for under national law, to commit an offence set forth in subparagraph (a)(i),

(ii) or (iii); or

(b) transports on board a ship:

(i) any explosive or radioactive material, knowing that it is intended to be used to cause, or in a threat to cause, with or without a condition, as is provided for under national law, death or serious injury or damage for the purpose of intimidating a population, or compelling a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act; or

(ii) any BCN weapon, knowing it to be a BCN weapon as defined in article 1; or (iii) any source material, special fissionable material, or equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, knowing that it is intended to be used in a nuclear explosive activity or in any other nuclear activity not under safeguards pursuant to an IAEA comprehensive safeguards agreement; or

(iv) any equipment, materials or software or related technology that significantly contributes to the design, manufacture or delivery of a BCN weapon, with the intention that it will be used for such purpose.

2. It shall not be an offence within the meaning of this Convention to transport an item or material covered by paragraph 1(b)(iii) or, insofar as it relates to a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device, paragraph 1(b)(iv), if such item or material is transported to or from the territory of, or is otherwise transported under the control of, a State Party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons where:

(a) the resulting transfer or receipt, including internal to a State, of the item or material is not contrary to such State Party’s obligations under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and,

(b) if the item or material is intended for the delivery system of a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device of a State Party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the holding of such weapon or device is not contrary to that State Party’s obligations under that Treaty.

6. The following text is added as article 3ter of the Convention:

Article 3ter

Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally transports another person on board a ship knowing that the person has committed an act that constitutes an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis or 3quater or an offence set forth in any treaty listed in the Annex, and intending to assist that person to evade criminal prosecution.

7. The following text is added as article 3quater of the Convention:

Article 3quater

Any person also commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person:

(a) unlawfully and intentionally injures or kills any person in connection with the commission of any of the offences set forth in article 3, paragraph 1, article 3bis, or article 3ter; or

(b) attempts to commit an offence set forth in article 3, paragraph 1, article 3bis, paragraph 1(a)(i), (ii) or (iii), or subparagraph (a) of this article; or

(c) participates as an accomplice in an offence set forth in article 3, article 3bis, article 3ter, or subparagraph (a) or (b) of this article; or

(d) organizes or directs others to commit an offence set forth in article 3, article 3bis, article 3ter, or subparagraph (a) or (b) of this article; or

(e) contributes to the commission of one or more offences set forth in article 3, article 3bis, article 3ter or subparagraph (a) or (b) of this article, by a group of persons acting with a common purpose, intentionally and either:

(i) with the aim of furthering the criminal activity or criminal purpose of the group, where such activity or purpose involves the commission of an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis or 3ter; or

(ii) in the knowledge of the intention of the group to commit an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis or 3ter.

Article 5

1. Article 5 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Each State Party shall make the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account the grave nature of those offences.

2. The following text is added as article 5bis of the Convention:

Article 5bis

1. Each State Party, in accordance with its domestic legal principles, shall take the necessary measures to enable a legal entity located in its territory or organized under its laws to be held liable when a person responsible for management or control of that legal entity has, in that capacity, committed an offence set forth in this Convention. Such liability may be criminal, civil or administrative.

2. Such liability is incurred without prejudice to the criminal liability of individuals having committed the offences.

3. Each State Party shall ensure, in particular, that legal entities liable in accordance with paragraph 1 are subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal, civil or administrative sanctions. Such sanctions may include monetary sanctions.

Article 6

1. The chapeau of article 6, paragraph 1 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater when the offence is committed:

2. Article 6, paragraph 3 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Any State Party which has established jurisdiction mentioned in paragraph 2 shall notify the Secretary-General. If such State Party subsequently rescinds that jurisdiction, it shall notify the Secretary-General.

3. Article 6, paragraph 4 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater in cases where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite the alleged offender to any of the States Parties which have established their jurisdiction in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article.

Article 7

The following text is added as the Annex to the Convention:

ANNEX

1. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, done at The Hague on 16 December 1970.

2. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 23 September 1971.

3. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 14 December 1973.

4. International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 17 December 1979.

5. Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, done at Vienna on 26 October 1979.

6. Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 24 February 1988.

7. Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, done at Rome on 10 March 1988.

8. International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 15 December 1997.

9. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1999.

Article 8

1. Article 8, paragraph 1 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

The master of a ship of a State Party (the “flag State”) may deliver to the authorities of any other State Party (the “receiving State”) any person who the master has reasonable grounds to believe has committed an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter, or 3quater.

2. The following text is added as article 8bis of the Convention:

Article 8bis

1. States Parties shall co-operate to the fullest extent possible to prevent and suppress unlawful acts covered by this Convention, in conformity with international law, and shall respond to requests pursuant to this article as expeditiously as possible.

2. Each request pursuant to this article should, if possible, contain the name of the suspect ship, the IMO ship identification number, the port of registry, the ports of origin and destination, and any other relevant information. If a request is conveyed orally, the requesting Party shall confirm the request in writing as soon as possible. The requested Party shall acknowledge its receipt of any written or oral request immediately.

3. States Parties shall take into account the dangers and difficulties involved in boarding a ship at sea and searching its cargo, and give consideration to whether other appropriate measures agreed between the States concerned could be more safely taken in the next port of call or elsewhere.

4. A State Party that has reasonable grounds to suspect that an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater has been, is being or is about to be committed involving a ship flying its flag, may request the assistance of other States Parties in preventing or suppressing that offence. The States Parties so requested shall use their best endeavours to render such assistance within the means available to them.

5. Whenever law enforcement or other authorized officials of a State Party (“the requesting Party”) encounter a ship flying the flag or displaying marks of registry of another State Party (“the first Party”) located seaward of any State’s territorial sea, and the requesting Party has reasonable grounds to suspect that the ship or a person on board the ship has been, is or is about to be involved in the commission of an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater, and the requesting Party desires to board

(a) it shall request, in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 that the first Party confirm the claim of nationality, and

(b) if nationality is confirmed, the requesting Party shall ask the first Party (hereinafter referred to as “the flag State”) for authorization to board and to take appropriate measures with regard to that ship which may include stopping, boarding and searching the ship, its cargo and persons on board, and questioning the persons on board in order to determine if an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater has been, is being or is about to be committed, and

(c) the flag State shall either:

(i) authorize the requesting Party to board and to take appropriate measures set out in subparagraph (b), subject to any conditions it may impose in accordance with paragraph 7; or

(ii) conduct the boarding and search with its own law enforcement or other officials; or

(iii) conduct the boarding and search together with the requesting Party, subject to any conditions it may impose in accordance with paragraph 7; or

(iv) decline to authorize a boarding and search.

The requesting Party shall not board the ship or take measures set out in subparagraph (b) without the express authorization of the flag State.

(d) Upon or after depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, a State Party may notify the Secretary-General that, with respect to ships flying its flag or displaying its mark of registry, the requesting Party is granted authorization to board and search the ship, its cargo and persons on board, and to question the persons on board in order to locate and examine documentation of its nationality and determine if an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater has been, is being or is about to be committed, if there is no response from the first Party within four hours of acknowledgement of receipt of a request to confirm nationality.

(e) Upon or after depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, a State Party may notify the Secretary-General that, with respect to ships flying its flag or displaying its mark of registry, the requesting Party is authorized to board and search a ship, its cargo and persons on board, and to question the persons on board in order to determine if an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater has been, is being or is about to be committed.

The notifications made pursuant to this paragraph can be withdrawn at any time.

6. When evidence of conduct described in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater is found as the result of any boarding conducted pursuant to this article, the flag State may authorize the requesting Party to detain the ship, cargo and persons on board pending receipt of disposition instructions from the flag State. The requesting Party shall promptly inform the flag State of the results of a boarding, search, and detention conducted pursuant to this article. The requesting Party shall also promptly inform the flag State of the discovery of evidence of illegal conduct that is not subject to this Convention.

7. The flag State, consistent with the other provisions of this Convention, may subject its authorization under paragraph 5 or 6 to conditions, including obtaining additional information from the requesting Party, and conditions relating to responsibility for and the extent of measures to be taken. No additional measures may be taken without the express authorization of the flag State, except when necessary to relieve imminent danger to the lives of persons or where those measures derive from relevant bilateral or multilateral agreements.

8. For all boardings pursuant to this article, the flag State has the right to exercise jurisdiction over a detained ship, cargo or other items and persons on board, including seizure, forfeiture, arrest and prosecution. However, the flag State may, subject to its constitution and laws, consent to the exercise of jurisdiction by another State having jurisdiction under article 6.

9. When carrying out the authorized actions under this article, the use of force shall be avoided except when necessary to ensure the safety of its officials and persons on board, or where the officials are obstructed in the execution of the authorized actions. Any use of force pursuant to this article shall not exceed the minimum degree of force which is necessary and reasonable in the circumstances.

10. Safeguards:

(a) Where a State Party takes measures against a ship in accordance with this article, it shall:

(i) take due account of the need not to endanger the safety of life at sea;

(ii) ensure that all persons on board are treated in a manner which preserves their basic human dignity, and in compliance with the applicable provisions of international law, including international human rights law;

(iii) ensure that a boarding and search pursuant to this article shall be conducted in accordance with applicable international law;

(iv) take due account of the safety and security of the ship and its cargo;

(v) take due account of the need not to prejudice the commercial or legal interests of the flag State;

(vi) ensure, within available means, that any measure taken with regard to the ship or its cargo is environmentally sound under the circumstances;

(vii) ensure that persons on board against whom proceedings may be commenced in connection with any of the offences set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater are afforded the protections of paragraph 2 of article 10, regardless of location;

(viii) ensure that the master of a ship is advised of its intention to board, and is, or has been, afforded the opportunity to contact the ship’s owner and the flag State at the earliest opportunity; and

(ix) take reasonable efforts to avoid a ship being unduly detained or delayed.

(b) Provided that authorization to board by a flag State shall not per se give rise to its liability, States Parties shall be liable for any damage, harm or loss attributable to them arising from measures taken pursuant to this article when:

(i) the grounds for such measures prove to be unfounded, provided that the ship has not committed any act justifying the measures taken; or

(ii) such measures are unlawful or exceed those reasonably required in light of available information to implement the provisions of this article. States Parties shall provide effective recourse in respect of such damage, harm or loss.

(c) Where a State Party takes measures against a ship in accordance with this Convention, it shall take due account of the need not to interfere with or to affect:

(i) the rights and obligations and the exercise of jurisdiction of coastal States in accordance with the international law of the sea; or

(ii) the authority of the flag State to exercise jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters involving the ship.

(d) Any measure taken pursuant to this article shall be carried out by law enforcement or other authorized officials from warships or military aircraft, or from other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect and, notwithstanding articles 2 and 2bis, the provisions of this article shall apply.

(e) For the purposes of this article “law enforcement or other authorized officials” means uniformed or otherwise clearly identifiable members of law enforcement or other government authorities duly authorized by their government. For the specific purpose of law enforcement under this Convention, law enforcement or other authorized officials shall provide appropriate government-issued identification documents for examination by the master of the ship upon boarding.

11. This article does not apply to or limit boarding of ships conducted by any State Party in accordance with international law, seaward of any State’s territorial sea, including boardings based upon the right of visit, the rendering of assistance to persons, ships and property in distress or peril, or an authorization from the flag State to take law enforcement or other action.

12. States Parties are encouraged to develop standard operating procedures for joint operations pursuant to this article and consult, as appropriate, with other States Parties with a view to harmonizing such standard operating procedures for the conduct of operations.

13. States Parties may conclude agreements or arrangements between them to facilitate law enforcement operations carried out in accordance with this article.

14. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures to ensure that its law enforcement or other authorized officials, and law enforcement or other authorized officials of other States Parties acting on its behalf, are empowered to act pursuant to this article.

15. Upon or after depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, each State Party shall designate the authority, or, where necessary, authorities to receive and respond to requests for assistance, for confirmation of nationality, and for authorization to take appropriate measures. Such designation, including contact information, shall be notified to the Secretary-General within one month of becoming a Party, who shall inform all other States Parties within one month of the designation. Each State Party is responsible for providing prompt notice through the Secretary-General of any changes in the designation or contact information.

Article 9

Article 10, paragraph 2 is replaced by the following text:

Any person who is taken into custody, or regarding whom any other measures are taken or proceedings are being carried out pursuant to this Convention, shall be guaranteed fair treatment, including enjoyment of all rights and guarantees in conformity with the law of the State in the territory of which that person is present and applicable provisions of international law, including international human rights law.

Article 10

1. Article 11, paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 are replaced by the following text:

The offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between any of the States Parties. States Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

If a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty, the requested State Party may, at its option, consider this Convention as a legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State Party.

States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater as extraditable offences between themselves, subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State Party.

If necessary, the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater shall be treated, for the purposes of extradition between States Parties, as if they had been committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in a place within the jurisdiction of the State Party requesting extradition.

2. The following text is added as article 11bis, of the Convention:

Article 11bis

None of the offences set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater shall be regarded for the purposes of extradition or mutual legal assistance as a political offence or as an offence connected with a political offence or as an offence inspired by political motives. Accordingly, a request for extradition or for mutual legal assistance based on such an offence may not be refused on the sole ground that it concerns a political offence or an offence connected with a political offence or an offence inspired by political motives.

3. The following text is added as article 11ter of the Convention:

Article 11ter

Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as imposing an obligation to extradite or to afford mutual legal assistance, if the requested State Party has substantial grounds for believing that the request for extradition for offences set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater or for mutual legal assistance with respect to such offences has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person’s race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin, political opinion or gender, or that compliance with the request would cause prejudice to that person’s position for any of these reasons.

Article 11

1. Article 12, paragraph 1 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater, including assistance in obtaining evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings.

2. The following text is added as article 12bis of the Convention:

Article 12bis

1. A person who is being detained or is serving a sentence in the territory of one State Party whose presence in another State Party is requested for purposes of identification, testimony or otherwise providing assistance in obtaining evidence for the investigation or prosecution of offences set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater may be transferred if the following conditions are met:

(a) the person freely gives informed consent; and

(b) the competent authorities of both States agree, subject to such conditions as those States may deem appropriate.

2. For the purposes of this article:

(a) the State to which the person is transferred shall have the authority and obligation to keep the person transferred in custody, unless otherwise requested or authorized by the State from which the person was transferred;

(b) the State to which the person is transferred shall without delay implement its obligation to return the person to the custody of the State from which the person was transferred as agreed beforehand, or as otherwise agreed, by the competent authorities of both States;

(c) the State to which the person is transferred shall not require the State from which the person was transferred to initiate extradition proceedings for the return of the person;

(d) the person transferred shall receive credit for service of the sentence being served in the State from which the person was transferred for time spent in the custody of the State to which the person was transferred.

3. Unless the State Party from which a person is to be transferred in accordance with this article so agrees, that person, whatever that person’s nationality, shall not be prosecuted or detained or subjected to any other restriction of personal liberty in the territory of the State to which that person is transferred in respect of acts or convictions anterior to that person’s departure from the territory of the State from which such person was transferred.

Article 12

Article 13 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

1. States Parties shall co-operate in the prevention of the offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater, particularly by:

(a) taking all practicable measures to prevent preparation in their respective territories for the commission of those offences within or outside their territories;

(b) exchanging information in accordance with their national law, and co-ordinating administrative and other measures taken as appropriate to prevent the commission of offences set forth in articles 3, 3bis, 3ter and 3quater.

2. When, due to the commission of an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater, the passage of a ship has been delayed or interrupted, any State Party in whose territory the ship or passengers or crew are present shall be bound to exercise all possible efforts to avoid a ship, its passengers, crew or cargo being unduly detained or delayed.

Article 13

Article 14 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

Any State Party having reason to believe that an offence set forth in article 3, 3bis, 3ter or 3quater will be committed shall, in accordance with its national law, furnish as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession to those States which it believes would be the States having established jurisdiction in accordance with article 6.

Article 14

Article 15, paragraph 3 of the Convention is replaced by the following text:

The information transmitted in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be communicated by the Secretary-General to all States Parties, to Members of the Organization, to other States concerned, and to the appropriate international intergovernmental organizations.

Article 15

Interpretation and application

1. The Convention and this Protocol shall, as between the Parties to this Protocol, be read and interpreted together as one single instrument.

2. Articles 1 to 16 of the Convention, as revised by this Protocol, together with articles 17 to 24 of this Protocol and the Annex thereto, shall constitute and be called the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 2005 (2005 SUA Convention).

Article 16

The following text is added as article 16bis of the Convention:

Final clauses of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 2005

The final clauses of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 2005 shall be articles 17 to 24 of the Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation. References in this Convention to States Parties shall be taken to mean references to States Parties to that Protocol.

Final Clauses

Article 17

Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

1. This Protocol shall be open for signature at the Headquarters of the Organization from 14 February 2006 to 13 February 2007 and shall thereafter remain open for accession.

2. States may express their consent to be bound by this Protocol by:

(a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(c) accession.

3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary-General.

4. Only a State which has signed the Convention without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or has ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the Convention may become a Party to this Protocol.

Article 18

Entry into force

1. This Protocol shall enter into force ninety days following the date on which twelve States have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary-General.

2. For a State which deposits an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of this Protocol after the conditions in paragraph 1 for entry into force thereof have been met, the ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall take effect ninety days after the date of such deposit.

Article 19

Denunciation

1. This Protocol may be denounced by any State Party at any time after the date on which this Protocol enters into force for that State.

2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of denunciation with the Secretary-General.

3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after the deposit of the instrument with the Secretary-General.

Article 20

Revision and amendment

1. A conference for the purpose of revising or amending this Protocol may be convened by the Organization.

2. The Secretary-General shall convene a conference of States Parties to this Protocol for revising or amending the Protocol, at the request of one third of the States Parties, or ten States Parties, whichever is the higher figure.

3. Any instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession deposited after the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Protocol shall be deemed to apply to the Protocol as amended.

Article 21

Declarations

1. Upon depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, a State Party which is not a party to a treaty listed in the Annex may declare that, in the application of this Protocol to the State Party, the treaty shall be deemed not to be included in article 3ter. The declaration shall cease to have effect as soon as the treaty enters into force for the State Party, which shall notify the Secretary-General of this fact.

2. When a State Party ceases to be a party to a treaty listed in the Annex, it may make a declaration as provided for in this article, with respect to that treaty.

3. Upon depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, a State Party may declare that it will apply the provisions of article 3ter in accordance with the principles of its criminal law concerning family exemptions of liability.

Article 22

Amendments to the Annex

1. The Annex may be amended by the addition of relevant treaties that:

(a) are open to the participation of all States;

(b) have entered into force; and

(c) have been ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to by at least twelve States Parties to this Protocol.

2. After the entry into force of this Protocol, any State Party thereto may propose such an amendment to the Annex. Any proposal for an amendment shall be communicated to the Secretary-General in written form. The Secretary-General shall circulate any proposed amendment that meets the requirements of paragraph 1 to all members of the Organization and seek from States Parties to this Protocol their consent to the adoption of the proposed amendment.

3. The proposed amendment to the Annex shall be deemed adopted after more than twelve of the States Parties to this Protocol consent to it by written notification to the Secretary-General.

4. The adopted amendment to the Annex shall enter into force thirty days after the deposit with the Secretary-General of the twelfth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of such amendment for those States Parties to this Protocol that have deposited such an instrument. For each State Party to this Protocol ratifying, accepting or approving the amendment after the deposit of the twelfth instrument with the Secretary-General, the amendment shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after deposit by such State Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval.

Article 23

Depositary

1. This Protocol and any amendments adopted under articles 20 and 22 shall be deposited with the Secretary-General.

2. The Secretary-General shall:

(a) inform all States which have signed this Protocol or acceded to this Protocol of:

(i) each new signature or deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession together with the date thereof;

(ii) the date of the entry into force of this Protocol;

(iii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Protocol together with the date on which it is received and the date on which the denunciation takes effect;

(iv) any communication called for by any article of this Protocol;

(v) any proposal to amend the Annex which has been made in accordance with article 22, paragraph 2;

(vi) any amendment deemed to have been adopted in accordance with article 22, paragraph 3;

(vii) any amendment ratified, accepted or approved in accordance with article 22, paragraph 4, together with the date on which that amendment shall enter into force; and

(b) transmit certified true copies of this Protocol to all States which have signed or acceded to this Protocol.

3. As soon as this Protocol enters into force, a certified true copy of the text shall be transmitted by the Secretary-General to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article 24

Languages

This Protocol is established in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic.

DONE AT LONDON this fourteenth day of October two thousand and five.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose, have signed this Protocol.

5. Protocollo tra Albania e Italia del 2 aprile 1997 di attuazione dello scambio di lettere del 25 marzo 1997 e Scambio di lettere tra il governo della Repubblica Italiana e il governo della Repubblica di Albania relativo alla collaborazione per la prevenzione degli atti illeciti che ledono l’ordine giuridico nei due paesi e l’immediato aiuto umanitario quando è messa a rischio la vita di coloro che tentano di lasciare l’Albania del 25 marzo 1997

Il Ministero della Difesa della Repubblica Italiana ed il Ministero della Difesa della Repubblica di Albania, di seguito le Parti, in ottemperanza a quanto disposto dall’Accordo per Scambio di Lettere tra i Ministri degli Affari Esteri della Repubblica Italiana e della Repubblica di Albania del 25.03.1997, relativo alla collaborazione per la prevenzione degli atti illeciti che ledono l’ordine giuridico nei due Paesi e l’immediato aiuto umanitario quando è messa a rischio la vita di coloro che tentano di lasciare l’Albania, hanno convenuto quanto segue:

1. La Parte italiana è autorizzata, fino allo scadere del presente Protocollo, ad entrare e operare nelle acque territoriali albanesi oltre tre miglia dalla linea di costa con unità navali ed aeromobili della Marina Militare Italiana e, al di sotto delle tre miglia da tale linea di costa, ivi include le acque interne, con motovedette ed aeromobili del corpo delle Capitanerie di Porto italiane, allo scopo di prevenire e contenere il flusso di persone dirette illegalmente verso l’Italia menzionate nello Scambio di Lettere di cui al Preambolo.

2. Fatti salvi gli irrinunciabili diritti di autodifesa e gli eventuali casi di ricorso all’uso delle armi al solo scopo di avvertimento, le unità navali si asterranno dall’impiegare in modo offensivo le armi al fine di non mettere a repentaglio l’incolumità delle persone.

3. La Parte albanese si impegna ad imbarcare sui mezzi aeronavali di cui al punto 1. Uno o due rappresentanti delle competenti Autorità albanesi con funzioni di collegamento.

4. La Parte albanese si impegna ad informare l’armatoria pubblica e privata di bandiera circa l’autorità conferita ai mezzi italiani di cui al precedente para. 1 di potere mettere in atto nei confronti del naviglio albanese, nelle acque territoriali albanesi e nelle acque internazionali, tutte le misure necessarie a garantire il controllo ed il contenimento del flusso di presone menzionate al punto 1. anche attraverso l’esecuzione di inchiesta di bandiera, fermo, visita e dirottamento.

Le attività di inchiesta di bandiera, fermo, visita e dirottamento, si svolgeranno secondo le seguenti modalità:

(a) Inchiesta di bandiera consistente nella richiesta di informazioni all’unità interessata, circa la sua nazionalità e quella del personale trasportato, la sua provenienza e destinazione. La richiesta è effettuata mediante l’impiego degli appropriati sistemi radio ricetrasmittenti in frequenza VHF.

In mancanza di collegamento radio, la stessa richiesta è rivolta con mezzi acustici (megafoni/altoparlanti) avvicinandosi opportunamente all’unità da interrogare.

(b) Fermo: all’unità interessata potrà essere ordinato, con le stesse modalità di cui al precedente punto a., il fermo (o l’assunzione di rotta e velocità adeguata) al fine di consentire l’invio a bordo, a mezzo di battello pneumatico o motobarca, di una squadra ispettiva armata agli ordini di un Ufficiale per la verifica dei dati comunicati e della eventuale presenza a bordo di persone di cui al punto 1., tenendo anche conto delle informazioni eventualmente disponibili, fornite dalle Capitanerie albanesi.

(c) Visita: quando l’unità interessata si sarà fermata o avrà assunto la rotta e la velocità ordinata, la squadra ispettiva anzidetta salirà a bordo per compiere i necessari accertamenti documentali ed ispettivi al fine di verificare il suo eventuale coinvolgimento nel flusso di persone di cui al punto 1.

(d) Dirottamento: nel caso in cui l’unità rifiutasse la visita o la verifica a bordo rivelasse irregolarità, alla stessa sarà ordinato il rientro in un porto albanese. Qualora la medesima non ottemperi a quanto intimatole, l’unità sarà scortata fino al limite delle acque territoriali italiane per essere consegnata alle competenti autorità di polizia per i successivi adempimenti di legge e quindi per la eventuale adozione di provvedimenti di sequestro, arresto e/o rimpatrio.

1. La Parte italiana provvederà, per conto del Governo albanese, alla redazione ed emanazione di apposito “Hydrolant” al fine di informare le marinerie mercantili di Paesi Terzi circa l’autorità conferita ai mezzi italiani da parte dell’Autorità albanese di potere mettere in atto, nelle acque territoriali albanesi, tutte le misure necessarie a garantire il contenimento e il controllo del flusso di persone di cui al punto 1. Verso le coste italiane anche attraverso l’esecuzione di inchiesta di bandiera, fermo, visita e dirottamento.

2. La Parte albanese si impegna a collaborare, anche in funzione preventiva dal proprio territorio, con la Parte italiana effettuando ogni possibile sforzo per il controllo delle imbarcazioni che potrebbero essere coinvolte nelle attività legali di cui al punto 1.

3. La Parte albanese si impegna a individuare quanto prima i porti albanesi presso cui potranno essere dirottate le unità mercantili o militari colte in flagranza di trasporto di persone di cui al punto 1.

4. La Parte albanese si impegna ad assumere il controllo delle unità di cui al precedente punto 7. dirottate nei porti albanesi allo scopo di non permettere il perpetrarsi di ulteriori attività illegali.

5. La Parte albanese si impegna ad autorizzare l’esecuzione dei necessari scali tecnici, anche prolungate, da parte delle unità aeronavali italiane di cui al precedente punto 1., in porti albanesi opportunamente concordati, inclusa la sosta, per l’intero periodo di vigenza del presente Protocollo, di unità navali di supporto (mototrasporto costiero) nei predetti porti.

6. Le Autorità albanesi si impegnano ad assicurare la fornitura gratuita del rifornimento di acqua e la disponibilità gratuita di ormeggio relativamente alle soste di cui al precedente punto 9.

7. La Parte albanese si impegna a segnalare i dati relativi alle unità militari e mercantili albanesi ancora presenti nei porti, nelle basi e nelle aree di fonda, fornendo altresì tutti i dati relativi alla loro efficienza ed alle previsioni di movimento delle unità in parola nonché a fornire informazioni su eventuali mezzi navali che fossero illecitamente sottratti al controllo delle competenti Autorità albanesi.

8. Ogni divergenza sull’interpretazione e sull’applicazione del presente Protocollo sarà risolta tramite negoziati per via diplomatica.

9. Il presente Protocollo entrerà in vigore il 3 aprile 1997 e rimarrà in forza per un primo periodo di 30 giorni. Esso potrà essere prorogato per lo stesso periodo di validità dell’Accordo per Scambio di Lettere del 25 marzo 1997.

Fatto a ROMA il 2 aprile 1997, in due originali ciascuno nelle lingue italiana ed albanese, entrambi i testi facenti egualmente fede.

Scambio di lettere tra il governo della Repubblica Italiana e il governo della Repubblica di Albania relativo alla collaborazione per la prevenzione degli atti illeciti che ledono l’ordine giuridico nei due paesi e l’immediato aiuto umanitario quando è messa a rischio la vita di coloro che tentano di lasciare l’Albania del 25 marzo 1997

IL MINISTRO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI

Roma, 25 marzo 1997

Signor Ministro,

mi riferisco alla richiesta che il Governo albanese ha ripetutamente rivolto ai Paesi europei per un’assistenza militare internazionale intesa a consentire alle Autorità albanesi di assicurare, attraverso i necessari controlli, che i cittadini che intendano lasciare il Paese lo facciano nel rispetto delle pertinenti disposizioni della legislazione albanese.

Richiamo in tale contesto l’esigenza anche per il Governo italiano di evitare che cittadini albanesi si sottraggano al controllo della giustizia albanese raggiungendo illegalmente l’Italia.

La situazione molto difficile creatasi in Albania in quest’ultimo periodo, caratterizzata da gravi violazioni dell’ordine giuridico e da un massiccio flusso illegale di cittadini verso altri paesi, rende necessario un ulteriore rafforzamento della nostra collaborazione nel campo giuridico e umanitario. Scopo fondamentale di tale collaborazione resta la prevenzione degli atti illeciti che ledono l’ordine giuridico nei due paesi e l’immediato aiuto umanitario quando è messa a rischio la vita di coloro che tentano di lasciare il paese.

Su queste basi il Governo italiano offre la propria collaborazione e la propria assistenza per il controllo ed il contenimento in mare degli espatri clandestini da parte di cittadini albanesi.

Qualora il Governo albanese concordi, tale collaborazione si esplicherà per un iniziale periodo di trenta giorni, prorogabile di comune intesa, mediante il fermo in acque internazionali ed il dirottamento in porti albanesi da parte di unità delle Forze Navali italiane di naviglio battente bandiera albanese o comunque riconducibile allo Stato albanese, nonché il fermo in acque territoriali albanesi di naviglio di qualsiasi bandiera che effettui trasporto di cittadini albanesi che si fossero sottratti ai controlli esercitati sul territorio albanese dalle Autorità a ciò preposte.

Le competenti Autorità dei due Paesi stabiliranno con un apposito protocollo il più presto possibile le necessarie procedure tecniche per mettere in pratica questa collaborazione nelle acque territoriali albanesi e internazionali.

Le sarò grato, Signor Ministro, se vorrà espressamente manifestare il consenso del Governo albanese su quanto precede.

La prego di accogliere, Signor Ministro, gli atti della mia più profonda considerazione.

Firma illeggibile

--------------------

S.E. Dr. Arjan Starova

Ministro degli Affari Esteri della Repubblica di Albania Tirana

TRADUZIONE NON UFFICIALE

Roma, 25 marzo 1997

Signor Ministro,

mi riferisco alla Sua lettera in data odierna che legge come segue:

“Signor Ministro,

mi riferisco alla richiesta che il Governo albanese ha ripetutamente rivolto ai Paesi europei per un’assistenza militare internazionale intesa a consentire alle Autorità albanesi di assicurare, attraverso i necessari controlli, che i cittadini che intendano lasciare il Paese lo facciano nel rispetto delle pertinenti disposizioni della legislazione albanese.

Richiamo in tale contesto l’esigenza anche per il Governo italiano di evitare che cittadini albanesi si sottraggano al controllo della giustizia albanese raggiungendo illegalmente l’Italia.

La situazione molto difficile creatasi in Albania in quest’ultimo periodo, caratterizzata da gravi violazioni dell’ordine giuridico e da un massiccio flusso illegale di cittadini verso altri paesi, rende necessario un ulteriore rafforzamento della nostra collaborazione nel campo giuridico e umanitario. Scopo fondamentale di tale collaborazione resta la prevenzione degli atti illeciti che ledono l’ordine giuridico nei due paesi e l’immediato aiuto umanitario quando è messa a rischio la vita di coloro che tentano di lasciare il paese.

Su queste basi il Governo italiano offre la propria collaborazione e la propria assistenza per il controllo ed il contenimento in mare degli espatri clandestini da parte di cittadini albanesi.

Qualora il Governo albanese concordi, tale collaborazione si esplicherà per un iniziale periodo di trenta giorni, prorogabile di comune intesa, mediante il fermo in acque internazionali ed il dirottamento in porti albanesi da parte di unità delle Forze Navali italiane di naviglio battente bandiera albanese o comunque riconducibile allo Stato albanese, nonché il fermo in acque territoriali albanesi di naviglio di qualsiasi bandiera che effettui trasporto di cittadini albanesi che si fossero sottratti ai controlli esercitati sul territorio albanese dalle Autorità a ciò preposte.

Le competenti Autorità dei due Paesi stabiliranno con un apposito protocollo il più presto possibile le necessarie procedure tecniche per mettere in pratica questa collaborazione nelle acque territoriali albanesi e internazionali.

Le sarò grato, Signor Ministro, se vorrà espressamente manifestare il consenso del Governo albanese su quanto precede”.

Ho l’onore con la presente di esprimere la formale accettazione da parte del Governo albanese di quanto in essa contenuto.

La prego di accogliere, Signor Ministro, gli atti della mia più profonda considerazione.

--------------------

S.E. On. Lamberto Dini

Ministro degli Affari Esteri della Repubblica Italiana Roma

6. Protocollo addizionale della Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro la criminalità transnazionale organizzata per combattere il traffico illecito di migranti via terra, via mare e via aria (Palermo, 12 dicembre 2000), reso esecutivo con legge 16 marzo 2006, n. 146

Legge 16 marzo 2006, n. 146

La Camera dei deputati ed il Senato della Repubblica hanno approvato;

IL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA

PROMULGA

la seguente legge:

Articolo 1

Autorizzazione alla ratifica

1. Il Presidente della Repubblica è autorizzato a ratificare la Convenzione ed i Protocolli delle Nazioni Unite contro il crimine organizzato transnazionale, adottati dall’Assemblea generale il 15 novembre 2000 ed il 31 maggio 2001.

Articolo 2

Ordine di esecuzione

1. Piena ed intera esecuzione è data alla Convenzione ed ai Protocolli di cui all’articolo 1, di seguito denominati rispettivamente: «Convenzione» e «Protocolli», a decorrere dalla data della loro rispettiva entrata in vigore.

Articolo 3

Definizione di reato transnazionale

1. Ai fini della presente legge si considera reato transnazionale il reato punito con la pena della reclusione non inferiore nel massimo a quattro anni, qualora sia coinvolto un gruppo criminale organizzato, nonché:

(a) sia commesso in più di uno Stato;

(b) ovvero sia commesso in uno Stato, ma una parte sostanziale della sua preparazione, pianificazione, direzione o controllo avvenga in un altro Stato;

(c) ovvero sia commesso in uno Stato, ma in esso sia implicato un gruppo criminale organizzato impegnato in attività criminali in più di uno Stato;

(d) ovvero sia commesso in uno Stato ma abbia effetti sostanziali in un altro Stato.

Articolo 4

Circostanza aggravante

1. Per i reati puniti con la pena della reclusione non inferiore nel massimo a quattro anni nella commissione dei quali abbia dato il suo contributo un gruppo criminale organizzato impegnato in attività criminali in più di uno Stato la pena è aumentata da un terzo alla metà.

2. Si applica altresì il comma 2 dell’articolo 7 del decreto-legge 13 maggio 1991, n. 152, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 12 luglio 1991, n. 203, e successive modificazioni.

Articolo 5

Autorità centrale ed autorità di riferimento per le attività previste dalla Convenzione e dai Protocolli

1. L’autorità centrale ai sensi dell’articolo 18, paragrafo 13, della Convenzione, è il Ministro della

giustizia.

2. Con decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri, adottato entro centoventi giorni dalla data di entrata in vigore della presente legge, sono individuate le autorità di riferimento per le attività previste dalla Convenzione e dai Protocolli.

Articolo 6

Informazione al Parlamento sulla cooperazione in materia di estradizione e di assistenza giudiziaria

1. Con cadenza annuale il Ministro della giustizia informa le Camere sullo stato di attuazione delle previsioni dell’articolo 16 della Convenzione, in merito alla collaborazione tra Stati Parte in materia di estradizione.

2. Con cadenza annuale il Ministro della giustizia informa le Camere sullo stato di attuazione delle previsioni dell’articolo 18 della Convenzione, in merito alla collaborazione tra Stati Parte in materia di assistenza giudiziaria.

Articolo 7

Trasferimento dei procedimenti penali

1. Il trasferimento dei procedimenti penali previsto dall’articolo 21 della Convenzione avviene esclusivamente nelle forme e nei limiti degli Accordi internazionali. Tali Accordi sono ratificati previa autorizzazione data con legge.

2. Con cadenza annuale il Ministro della giustizia informa le Camere sullo stato di attuazione delle previsioni dell’articolo 21 della Convenzione, in merito al quadro complessivo degli Accordi di trasferimento raggiunti con gli altri Stati Parte, al numero dei procedimenti penali effettivamente trasferiti e ad eventuali problemi applicativi.

Articolo 8

Informazione al Parlamento sulla cooperazione di polizia

1. Con cadenza annuale il Ministro dell’interno informa le Camere sullo stato di attuazione delle previsioni dell’articolo 27 della Convenzione, con specifico riferimento alle azioni intraprese sulla base di tale disposizione ed al quadro delle intese o accordi conclusi ai sensi del paragrafo 2 del medesimo articolo.

Articolo 9

Operazioni sotto copertura

1. Fermo quanto disposto dall’articolo 51 del codice penale, non sono punibili:

(a) gli ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria della Polizia di Stato, dell’Arma dei carabinieri e del Corpo della guardia di finanza, appartenenti alle strutture specializzate o alla Direzione investigativa antimafia, nei limiti delle proprie competenze, i quali, nel corso di specifiche operazioni di polizia e, comunque, al solo fine di acquisire elementi di prova in ordine ai delitti previsti dagli articoli 648-bis e 648-ter nonché nel libro II, titolo XII, capo III, sezione I, del codice penale, ai delitti concernenti armi, munizioni, esplosivi, ai delitti previsti dall’articolo 12, commi 3, 3-bis e 3-ter, del testo unico delle disposizioni concernenti la disciplina dell’immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero, di cui al decreto legislativo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286, nonché dall’articolo 3 della legge 20 febbraio 1958, n. 75, anche per interposta persona, danno rifugio o comunque prestano assistenza agli associati, acquistano, ricevono, sostituiscono od occultano denaro, armi, documenti, stupefacenti, beni ovvero cose che sono oggetto, prodotto, profitto o mezzo per commettere il reato o altrimenti ostacolano l’individuazione della loro provenienza o ne consentono l’impiego;

(b) gli ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria appartenenti agli organismi investigativi della Polizia di Stato e dell’Arma dei carabinieri specializzati nell’attività di contrasto al terrorismo e all’eversione e del Corpo della guardia di finanza competenti nelle attività di contrasto al finanziamento del terrorismo, i quali, nel corso di specifiche operazioni di polizia e, comunque, al solo fine di acquisire elementi di prova in ordine ai delitti commessi con finalità di terrorismo, anche per interposta persona, compiono le attività di cui alla lettera a).

2. Negli stessi casi previsti dal comma 1, gli ufficiali e gli agenti di polizia giudiziaria possono utilizzare documenti, identità o indicazioni di copertura anche per attivare o entrare in contatto con soggetti e siti nelle reti di comunicazione, informandone il pubblico ministero al più presto e comunque entro le quarantotto ore dall’inizio delle attività.

3. L’esecuzione delle operazioni di cui ai commi 1 e 2 è disposta, secondo l’appartenenza del personale di polizia giudiziaria, dagli organi di vertice ovvero, per loro delega, dai rispettivi responsabili di livello almeno provinciale, d’intesa con la Direzione centrale dell’immigrazione e della polizia delle frontiere per i delitti previsti dall’articolo 12, commi 3, 3-bis e 3-ter, del testo unico di cui al decreto legislativo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286.

4. L’organo che dispone l’esecuzione delle operazioni di cui ai commi 1 e 2 deve dare preventiva comunicazione al pubblico ministero competente per le indagini, indicando, se necessario o se richiesto, anche il nominativo dell’ufficiale di polizia giudiziaria responsabile dell’operazione, nonché il nominativo degli eventuali ausiliari impiegati. Il pubblico ministero deve comunque essere informato senza ritardo, a cura del medesimo organo, nel corso della operazione delle modalità e dei soggetti che vi partecipano, nonché dei risultati della stessa.

5. Per l’esecuzione delle operazioni di cui ai commi 1 e 2, gli ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria possono avvalersi di ausiliari ai quali si estende la causa di non punibilità prevista per i medesimi casi. Per l’esecuzione delle operazioni può essere autorizzata l’utilizzazione temporanea di beni mobili ed immobili, di documenti di copertura, l’attivazione di siti nelle reti, la realizzazione e la gestione di aree di comunicazione o scambio su reti o sistemi informatici, secondo le modalità stabilite con decreto del Ministro dell’interno, di concerto con il Ministro della giustizia e con gli altri Ministri interessati. Con il medesimo decreto sono stabilite altresì le forme e le modalità per il coordinamento, anche in ambito internazionale, a fini informativi e operativi tra gli organismi investigativi.

6. Quando è necessario per acquisire rilevanti elementi probatori ovvero per l’individuazione o la cattura dei responsabili dei delitti previsti dal comma 1 nonché di quelli previsti dagli articoli 629 e 644 del codice penale, gli ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria nell’ambito delle rispettive attribuzioni possono omettere o ritardare gli atti di propria competenza, dandone immediato avviso, anche oralmente, al pubblico ministero e provvedono a trasmettere allo stesso motivato rapporto entro le successive quarantotto ore.

7. Per gli stessi motivi di cui al comma 6, il pubblico ministero può, con decreto motivato, ritardare l’esecuzione dei provvedimenti che applicano una misura cautelare, del fermo dell’indiziato di delitto, dell’ordine di esecuzione di pene detentive o del sequestro. Nei casi di urgenza, il ritardo dell’esecuzione dei predetti provvedimenti può essere disposto anche oralmente, ma il relativo decreto deve essere emesso entro le successive quarantotto ore. Il pubblico ministero impartisce alla polizia giudiziaria le disposizioni necessarie al controllo degli sviluppi dell’attività criminosa, comunicando i provvedimenti adottati all’autorità giudiziaria competente per il luogo in cui l’operazione deve concludersi ovvero attraverso il quale si prevede sia effettuato il transito in uscita dal territorio dello Stato ovvero in entrata nel territorio dello Stato delle cose che sono oggetto, prodotto, profitto o mezzo per commettere i delitti.

8. Le comunicazioni di cui ai commi 4 e 6 ed i provvedimenti adottati dal pubblico ministero ai sensi del comma 7 sono senza ritardo trasmessi al procuratore generale presso la corte d’appello. Per i delitti indicati all’articolo 51, comma 3-bis, del codice di procedura penale, la comunicazione è data al procuratore nazionale antimafia.

9. L’autorità giudiziaria può affidare il materiale o i beni sequestrati in custodia giudiziale, con facoltà d’uso, agli organi di polizia giudiziaria che ne facciano richiesta per l’impiego nelle attività di contrasto di cui al presente articolo.

10. Chiunque, nel corso delle operazioni di cui al presente articolo, indebitamente rivela ovvero divulga i nomi degli ufficiali o agenti di polizia giudiziaria che effettuano le operazioni stesse, è punito, salvo che il fatto costituisca più grave reato, con la reclusione da due a sei anni.

11. Sono abrogati:

(a) l’articolo 10 del decreto-legge 31 dicembre 1991, n. 419, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 18 febbraio 1992, n. 172, e successive modificazioni;

(b) l’articolo 12-quater del decreto-legge 8 giugno 1992, n. 306, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 7 agosto 1992, n. 356;

(c) l’articolo 12, comma 3-septies, del testo unico di cui al decreto legislativo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286;

(d) l’articolo 14, comma 4, della legge 3 agosto 1998, n. 269;

(e) l’articolo 4 del decreto-legge 18 ottobre 2001, n. 374, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 15 dicembre 2001, n. 438;

(f) l’articolo 10 della legge 11 agosto 2003, n. 228.

Articolo 10

Responsabilità amministrativa degli enti

1. In relazione alla responsabilità amministrativa degli enti per i reati previsti dall’articolo 3, si

applicano le disposizioni di cui ai commi seguenti.

2. Nel caso di commissione dei delitti previsti dagli articoli 416 e 416-bis del codice penale, dall’articolo 291-quater del testo unico di cui al decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 23 gennaio 1973, n. 43, e dall’articolo 74 del testo unico di cui al decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 9 ottobre 1990, n. 309, si applica all’ente la sanzione amministrativa pecuniaria da quattrocento a mille quote.

3. Nei casi di condanna per uno dei delitti indicati nel comma 2, si applicano all’ente le sanzioni interdittive previste dall’articolo 9, comma 2, del decreto legislativo 8 giugno 2001, n. 231, per una durata non inferiore ad un anno.

4. Se l’ente o una sua unità organizzativa viene stabilmente utilizzato allo scopo unico o prevalente di consentire o agevolare la commissione dei reati indicati nel comma 2, si applica all’ente la sanzione amministrativa dell’interdizione definitiva dall’esercizio dell’attività ai sensi dell’articolo 16, comma 3, del decreto legislativo 8 giugno 2001, n. 231.

5. Nel caso di reati concernenti il riciclaggio, per i delitti di cui agli articoli 648-bis e 648-ter del codice penale, si applica all’ente la sanzione amministrativa pecuniaria da duecento a ottocento quote.

6. Nei casi di condanna per i reati di cui al comma 5 del presente articolo si applicano all’ente le sanzioni interdittive previste dall’articolo 9, comma 2, del decreto legislativo 8 giugno 2001, n. 231, per una durata non superiore a due anni.

7. Nel caso di reati concernenti il traffico di migranti, per i delitti di cui all’articolo 12, commi 3, 3-bis, 3-ter e 5, del testo unico di cui al decreto legislativo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286, e successive modificazioni, si applica all’ente la sanzione amministrativa pecuniaria da duecento a mille quote.

8. Nei casi di condanna per i reati di cui al comma 7 del presente articolo si applicano all’ente le sanzioni interdittive previste dall’articolo 9, comma 2, del decreto legislativo 8 giugno 2001, n. 231, per una durata non superiore a due anni.

9. Nel caso di reati concernenti intralcio alla giustizia, per i delitti di cui agli articoli 377-bis e 378 del codice penale, si applica all’ente la sanzione amministrativa pecuniaria fino a cinquecento quote.

10. Agli illeciti amministrativi previsti dal presente articolo si applicano le disposizioni di cui al decreto legislativo 8 giugno 2001, n. 231.

Articolo 11

Ipotesi speciali di confisca obbligatoria e confisca per equivalente

1. Per i reati di cui all’articolo 3 della presente legge, qualora la confisca delle cose che costituiscono il prodotto, il profitto o il prezzo del reato non sia possibile, il giudice ordina la confisca di somme di denaro, beni od altre utilità di cui il reo ha la disponibilità, anche per interposta persona fisica o giuridica, per un valore corrispondente a tale prodotto, profitto o prezzo. In caso di usura è comunque ordinata la confisca di un importo pari al valore degli interessi o degli altri vantaggi o compensi usurari. In tali casi, il giudice, con la sentenza di condanna, determina le somme di danaro o individua i beni o le utilità assoggettati a confisca di valore corrispondente al prodotto, al profitto o al prezzo del reato.

Articolo 12

Attività di indagine a fini di confisca

1. In relazione ai reati di cui all’articolo 3 della presente legge, il pubblico ministero può compiere, nel termine e ai fini di cui all’articolo 430 del codice di procedura penale, ogni attività di indagine che si rende necessaria circa i beni, il denaro o le altre utilità soggette a confisca a norma dell’articolo 11 della presente legge e dell’articolo 12-sexies del decreto-legge 8 giugno 1992, n. 306, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 7 agosto 1992, n. 356, e successive modificazioni.

Articolo 13

Attribuzione di competenze al procuratore distrettuale antimafia

1. In relazione ai reati di cui all’articolo 3 della presente legge sono attribuite anche al procuratore distrettuale antimafia le competenze attribuite al procuratore della Repubblica e al questore dall’articolo 2-bis, commi 1, 4 e 6, dall’articolo 2-ter, commi secondo, sesto e settimo, dall’articolo 3-bis, settimo comma, dall’articolo 3-quater, commi 1 e 5 e dall’articolo 10-quater, secondo comma, della legge 31 maggio 1965, n. 575.

Articolo 14

Modifica dell’articolo 377 del codice penale

1. La rubrica dell’articolo 377 del codice penale è sostituita dalla seguente: «(Intralcio alla giustizia)».

2. Dopo il secondo comma dell’articolo 377 del codice penale sono inseriti i seguenti: «Chiunque usa violenza o minaccia ai fini indicati al primo comma, soggiace, qualora il fine non sia conseguito, alle pene stabilite in ordine ai reati di cui al medesimo primo comma, diminuite in misura non eccedente un terzo.

Le pene previste ai commi primo e terzo sono aumentate se concorrono le condizioni di cui all’articolo 339».

3. All’articolo 7, primo comma, della legge 31 maggio 1965, n. 575, dopo la parola: «353» sono inserite le seguenti: «377, terzo comma,».

Articolo 15

Interventi in materia di armi da fuoco

1. Al secondo comma dell’articolo 35 del testo unico delle leggi di pubblica sicurezza, di cui al regio decreto 18 giugno 1931, n. 773, e successive modificazioni, la parola: «cinque» è sostituita dalla seguente: «dieci».

2. Al primo comma dell’articolo 11 della legge 18 aprile 1975, n. 110, dopo la parola: «matricola», sono inserite le seguenti: «, nonché l’indicazione del luogo di produzione e della sigla della Repubblica italiana o di altro Paese, nel caso di importazione dell’arma da Paese esterno all’Unione europea».

Articolo 16

Entrata in vigore

1. La presente legge entra in vigore il giorno successivo a quello della sua pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale. La presente legge, munita del sigillo dello Stato, sarà inserita nella Raccolta ufficiale degli atti normativi della Repubblica italiana. È fatto obbligo a chiunque spetti di osservarla e di farla osservare come legge dello Stato.

Protocollo addizionale della Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro la criminalità transnazionale organizzata per combattere il traffico illecito di migranti via terra, via mare e via aria

The States Parties to this Protocol,

DECLARING that effective action to prevent and combat the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air requires a comprehensive international approach, including cooperation, the exchange of information and other appropriate measures, including socio-economic measures, at the national, regional and international levels,

RECALLING General Assembly resolution 54/212 of 22 December 1999, in which the Assembly urged Member States and the United Nations system to strengthen international cooperation in the area of international migration and development in order to address the root causes of migration, especially those related to poverty, and to maximize the benefits of international migration to those concerned, and encouraged, where relevant, interregional, regional and subregional mechanisms to continue to address the question of migration and development,

CONVINCED of the need to provide migrants with humane treatment and full protection of their rights,

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the fact that, despite work undertaken in other international forums, there is no universal instrument that addresses all aspects of smuggling of migrants and other related issues,

CONCERNED at the significant increase in the activities of organized criminal groups in smuggling of migrants and other related criminal activities set forth in this Protocol, which bring great harm to the States concerned,

ALSO CONCERNED that the smuggling of migrants can endanger the lives or security of the migrants involved,

RECALLING General Assembly resolution 53/111 of 9 December 1998, in which the Assembly decided to establish an open-ended intergovernmental ad hoc committee for the purpose of elaborating a comprehensive international convention against transnational organized crime and of discussing the elaboration of, inter alia, an international instrument addressing illegal trafficking in and transporting of migrants, including by sea,

CONVINCED that supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime with an international instrument against the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air will be useful in preventing and combating that crime,

HAVE AGREED as follows:

I. General provisions

Article 1

Relation with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

1. This Protocol supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It shall be interpreted together with the Convention.

2. The provisions of the Convention shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to this Protocol unless otherwise provided herein.

3. The offences established in accordance with article 6 of this Protocol shall be regarded as offences established in accordance with the Convention.

Article 2

Statement of purpose

The purpose of this Protocol is to prevent and combat the smuggling of migrants, as well as to promote cooperation among States Parties to that end, while protecting the rights of smuggled migrants.

Article 3

Use of terms

For the purposes of this Protocol:

(a) “Smuggling of migrants” shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident;

(b) “Illegal entry” shall mean crossing borders without complying with the necessary requirements for legal entry into the receiving State;

(c) “Fraudulent travel or identity document” shall mean any travel or identity document:

(i) That has been falsely made or altered in some material way by anyone other than a person or agency lawfully authorized to make or issue the travel or identity document on behalf of a State; or

(ii) That has been improperly issued or obtained through misrepresentation, corruption or duress or in any other unlawful manner; or

(iii) That is being used by a person other than the rightful holder;

(d) “Vessel” shall mean any type of water craft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water, except a warship, naval auxiliary or other vessel

owned or operated by a Government and used, for the time being, only on government non-commercial service.

Article 4

Scope of application

This Protocol shall apply, except as otherwise stated herein, to the prevention, investigation and prosecution of the offences established in accordance with article 6 of this Protocol, where the offences are transnational in nature and involve an organized criminal group, as well as to the protection of the rights of persons who have been the object of such offences.

Article 5

Criminal liability of migrants

Migrants shall not become liable to criminal prosecution under this Protocol for the fact of having been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol.

Article 6

Criminalization

1. Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally and in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit:

(a) The smuggling of migrants;

(b) When committed for the purpose of enabling the smuggling of migrants:

(i) Producing a fraudulent travel or identity document;

(ii) Procuring, providing or possessing such a document;

(c) Enabling a person who is not a national or a permanent resident to remain in the State concerned without complying with the necessary requirements for legally remaining in the State by the means mentioned in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph or any other illegal means.

2. Each State Party shall also adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences:

(a) Subject to the basic concepts of its legal system, attempting to commit an offence established in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article;

(b) Participating as an accomplice in an offence established in accordance with paragraph 1 (a), (b) (i) or (c) of this article and, subject to the basic concepts of its legal system, participating as an accomplice in an

offence established in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) (ii) of this article;

(c) Organizing or directing other persons to commit an offence established in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article.

3. Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as aggravating circumstances to the offences established in accordance with paragraph 1 (a), (b) (i) and (c)

of this article and, subject to the basic concepts of its legal system, to the offences established in accordance with paragraph 2 (b) and (c) of this article, circumstances:

(a) That endanger, or are likely to endanger, the lives or safety of the migrants concerned; or

(b) That entail inhuman or degrading treatment, including for exploitation, of such migrants.

4. Nothing in this Protocol shall prevent a State Party from taking measures against a person whose conduct constitutes an offence under its domestic law.

II. Smuggling of migrants by sea

Article 7

Cooperation

States Parties shall cooperate to the fullest extent possible to prevent and suppress the smuggling of migrants by sea, in accordance with the international law of the sea.

Article 8

Measures against the smuggling of migrants by sea

1. A State Party that has reasonable grounds to suspect that a vessel that is flying its flag or claiming its registry, that is without nationality or that, though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show a flag, is in reality of the nationality of the State Party concerned is engaged in the smuggling of migrants by sea may request the assistance of other States Parties in suppressing the use of the vessel for that purpose. The States Parties so requested shall render such assistance to the extent possible within their means.

2. A State Party that has reasonable grounds to suspect that a vessel exercising freedom of navigation in accordance with international law and flying the flag or displaying the marks of registry of another State Party is engaged in the smuggling of migrants by sea may so notify the flag State, request confirmation of registry and, if confirmed, request authorization from the flag State to take appropriate measures with regard

to that vessel. The flag State may authorize the requesting State, inter alia:

(a) To board the vessel;

(b) To search the vessel; and

(c) If evidence is found that the vessel is engaged in the smuggling of migrants by sea, to take appropriate measures with respect to the vessel and persons and cargo on board, as authorized by the flag State.

3. A State Party that has taken any measure in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article shall promptly inform the flag State concerned of the results of that measure.

4. A State Party shall respond expeditiously to a request from another State Party to determine whether a vessel that is claiming its registry or flying its flag is entitled to do so and to a request for authorization made in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article.

5. A flag State may, consistent with article 7 of this Protocol, subject its authorization to conditions to be agreed by it and the requesting State, including conditions relating to responsibility and the extent of effective measures to be taken. A State Party shall take no additional measures without the express authorization of the flag State, except those necessary to relieve imminent danger to the lives of persons or those which derive from relevant bilateral or multilateral agreements.

6. Each State Party shall designate an authority or, where necessary, authorities to receive and respond to requests for assistance, for confirmation of registry or of the right of a vessel to fly its flag and for authorization to take appropriate measures. Such designation shall be notified through the Secretary-General to all other States Parties within one month of the designation.

7. A State Party that has reasonable grounds to suspect that a vessel is engaged in the smuggling of migrants by sea and is without nationality or may be assimilated to a vessel without nationality may board and search the vessel. If evidence confirming the suspicion is found, that State Party shall take appropriate measures in accordance with relevant domestic and international law.

Article 9

Safeguard clauses

1. Where a State Party takes measures against a vessel in accordance with article 8 of this Protocol, it shall:

(a) Ensure the safety and humane treatment of the persons on board;

(b) Take due account of the need not to endanger the security of the vessel or its cargo;

(c) Take due account of the need not to prejudice the commercial or legal interests of the flag State or any other interested State;

(d) Ensure, within available means, that any measure taken with regard to the vessel is environmentally sound.

2. Where the grounds for measures taken pursuant to article 8 of this Protocol prove to be unfounded, the vessel shall be compensated for any loss or damage that may have been sustained, provided that the vessel has not committed any act justifying the measures taken.

3. Any measure taken, adopted or implemented in accordance with this chapter shall take due account of the need not to interfere with or to affect:

(a) The rights and obligations and the exercise of jurisdiction of coastal States in accordance with the international law of the sea; or

(b) The authority of the flag State to exercise jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters involving the vessel.

4. Any measure taken at sea pursuant to this chapter shall be carried out only by warships or military aircraft, or by other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and

authorized to that effect.

III. Prevention, cooperation and other measures

Article 10

Information

1. Without prejudice to articles 27 and 28 of the Convention, States Parties, in particular those with common borders or located on routes along which migrants are smuggled, shall, for the purpose of achieving the objectives of this Protocol, exchange among themselves, consistent with their respective domestic legal and administrative systems, relevant information on matters such as:

(a) Embarkation and destination points, as well as routes, carriers and means of transportation, known to be or suspected of being used by an organized criminal group engaged in conduct set forth in article 6 of this

Protocol;

(b) The identity and methods of organizations or organized criminal groups known to be or suspected of being engaged in conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol;

(c) The authenticity and proper form of travel documents issued by a State Party and the theft or related misuse of blank travel or identity documents;

(d) Means and methods of concealment and transportation of persons, the unlawful alteration, reproduction or acquisition or other misuse of travel or identity documents used in conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and ways of detecting them;

(e) Legislative experiences and practices and measures to prevent and combat the conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol; and

(f) Scientific and technological information useful to law enforcement, so as to enhance each other’s ability to prevent, detect and investigate the conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and to prosecute those involved.

2. A State Party that receives information shall comply with any request by the State Party that transmitted the information that places restrictions on its use.

Article 11

Border measures

1. Without prejudice to international commitments in relation to the free movement of people, States Parties shall strengthen, to the extent possible, such border controls as may be necessary to prevent and detect the smuggling of migrants.

2. Each State Party shall adopt legislative or other appropriate measures to prevent, to the extent possible, means of transport operated by commercial carriers from being used in the commission of the offence established in accordance with article 6, paragraph 1 (a), of this Protocol.

3. Where appropriate, and without prejudice to applicable international conventions, such measures shall include establishing the obligation of commercial carriers, including any transportation company or the owner or operator of any means of transport, to ascertain that all passengers are in possession of the travel documents required for entry into the receiving State.

4. Each State Party shall take the necessary measures, in accordance with its domestic law, to provide for sanctions in cases of violation of the obligation set forth in paragraph 3 of this article.

5. Each State Party shall consider taking measures that permit, in accordance with its domestic law, the denial of entry or revocation of visas of persons implicated in the commission of offences established in

accordance with this Protocol.

6. Without prejudice to article 27 of the Convention, States Parties shall consider strengthening cooperation among border control agencies by, inter alia, establishing and maintaining direct channels of communication.

Article 12

Security and control of documents

Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, within available means:

(a) To ensure that travel or identity documents issued by it are of such quality that they cannot easily be misused and cannot readily be falsified or unlawfully altered, replicated or issued; and

(b) To ensure the integrity and security of travel or identity documents issued by or on behalf of the State Party and to prevent their unlawful creation, issuance and use.

Article 13

Legitimacy and validity of documents

At the request of another State Party, a State Party shall, in accordance with its domestic law, verify within a reasonable time the legitimacy and validity of travel or identity documents issued or purported to have been issued in its name and suspected of being used for purposes of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol.

Article 14

Training and technical cooperation

1. States Parties shall provide or strengthen specialized training for immigration and other relevant officials in preventing the conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and in the humane treatment of migrants who have been the object of such conduct, while respecting their rights as set forth in this Protocol.

2. States Parties shall cooperate with each other and with competent international organizations, non-governmental organizations, other relevant organizations and other elements of civil society as appropriate to ensure that there is adequate personnel training in their territories to prevent, combat and eradicate the conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and to protect the rights of migrants who have been the object of such conduct. Such training shall include:

(a) Improving the security and quality of travel documents;

(b) Recognizing and detecting fraudulent travel or identity

documents;

(c) Gathering criminal intelligence, relating in particular to the identification of organized criminal groups known to be or suspected of being engaged in conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol, the methods used to transport smuggled migrants, the misuse of travel or identity documents for purposes of conduct set forth in article 6 and the means of concealment used in the smuggling of migrants;

(d) Improving procedures for detecting smuggled persons at conventional and non-conventional points of entry and exit; and

(e) The humane treatment of migrants and the protection of their rights as set forth in this Protocol.

3. States Parties with relevant expertise shall consider providing technical assistance to States that are frequently countries of origin or transit for persons who have been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol. States Parties shall make every effort to provide the necessary resources, such as vehicles, computer systems and document readers, to combat the conduct set forth in article 6.

Article 15

Other prevention measures

1. Each State Party shall take measures to ensure that it provides or strengthens information programmes to increase public awareness of the fact that the conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol is a criminal activity frequently perpetrated by organized criminal groups for profit and that it poses serious risks to the migrants concerned.

2. In accordance with article 31 of the Convention, States Parties shall cooperate in the field of public information for the purpose of preventing potential migrants from falling victim to organized criminal groups.

3. Each State Party shall promote or strengthen, as appropriate, development programmes and cooperation at the national, regional and international levels, taking into account the socio-economic realities of migration and paying special attention to economically and socially depressed areas, in order to combat the root socio-economic causes of the smuggling of migrants, such as poverty and underdevelopment.

Article 16

Protection and assistance measures

1. In implementing this Protocol, each State Party shall take, consistent with its obligations under international law, all appropriate measures, including legislation if necessary, to preserve and protect the rights of persons who have been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol as accorded under applicable international law, in particular the right to life and the right not to be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

2. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures to afford migrants appropriate protection against violence that may be inflicted upon them, whether by individuals or groups, by reason of being the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol.

3. Each State Party shall afford appropriate assistance to migrants whose lives or safety are endangered by reason of being the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol.

4. In applying the provisions of this article, States Parties shall take into account the special needs of women and children.

5. In the case of the detention of a person who has been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol, each State Party shall comply with its obligations under the Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations, where applicable, including that of informing the person concerned without delay about the provisions concerning notification to and communication with consular officers.

Article 17

Agreements and arrangements

States Parties shall consider the conclusion of bilateral or regional agreements or operational arrangements or understandings aimed at:

(a) Establishing the most appropriate and effective measures to prevent and combat the conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol; or

(b) Enhancing the provisions of this Protocol among themselves.

Article 18

Return of smuggled migrants

1. Each State Party agrees to facilitate and accept, without undue or unreasonable delay, the return of a person who has been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and who is its national or who has the right of permanent residence in its territory at the time of return.

2. Each State Party shall consider the possibility of facilitating and accepting the return of a person who has been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and who had the right of permanent

residence in its territory at the time of entry into the receiving State in accordance with its domestic law.

3. At the request of the receiving State Party, a requested State Party shall, without undue or unreasonable delay, verify whether a person who has been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol is its national or has the right of permanent residence in its territory.

4. In order to facilitate the return of a person who has been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol and is without proper documentation, the State Party of which that person is a national or in

which he or she has the right of permanent residence shall agree to issue, at the request of the receiving State Party, such travel documents or other authorization as may be necessary to enable the person to travel to and reenter its territory.

5. Each State Party involved with the return of a person who has been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol shall take all appropriate measures to carry out the return in an orderly manner and with due regard for the safety and dignity of the person.

6. States Parties may cooperate with relevant international organizations in the implementation of this article.

7. This article shall be without prejudice to any right afforded to persons who have been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol by any domestic law of the receiving State Party.

8. This article shall not affect the obligations entered into under any other applicable treaty, bilateral or multilateral, or any other applicable operational agreement or arrangement that governs, in whole or in part, the return of persons who have been the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol.

IV. Final provisions

Article 19

Saving clause

1. Nothing in this Protocol shall affect the other rights, obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law and, in particular, where applicable, the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees and the principle of non-refoulement as contained therein.

2. The measures set forth in this Protocol shall be interpreted and applied in a way that is not discriminatory to persons on the ground that they are the object of conduct set forth in article 6 of this Protocol. The interpretation and application of those measures shall be consistent with internationally recognized principles of non-discrimination.

Article 20

Settlement of disputes

l. States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes concerning the interpretation or application of this Protocol through negotiation.

2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Protocol that cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of those States Parties, be submitted to arbitration. If, six months after the date of the request for arbitration, those States Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those States Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in accordance with the Statute of the Court.

3. Each State Party may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Protocol, declare that it does not consider itself bound by paragraph 2 of this article. The other States

Parties shall not be bound by paragraph 2 of this article with respect to any State Party that has made such a reservation.

4. Any State Party that has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 21

Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

1. This Protocol shall be open to all States for signature from 12 to 15 December 2000 in Palermo, Italy, and thereafter at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 12 December 2002.

2. This Protocol shall also be open for signature by regional economic integration organizations provided that at least one member State of such organization has signed this Protocol in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article.

3. This Protocol is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. A regional economic integration organization may deposit its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval if at least one of its member States has done likewise. In that instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, such organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to the matters governed by this Protocol. Such organization shall also inform the depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of its competence.

4. This Protocol is open for accession by any State or any regional economic integration organization of which at least one member State is a Party to this Protocol. Instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. At the time of its accession, a regional economic integration organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to matters governed by this Protocol. Such organization shall also inform the depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of its competence.

Article 22

Entry into force

1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, except that it shall not enter into force before the entry into force of the Convention. For the purpose of this paragraph, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by member States of such organization.

2. For each State or regional economic integration organization ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this Protocol after the deposit of the fortieth instrument of such action, this Protocol shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit by such State or organization of the relevant instrument or on the date this Protocol enters into force pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article, whichever is the later.

Article 23

Amendment

1. After the expiry of five years from the entry into force of this Protocol, a State Party to the Protocol may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to the States Parties and to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention for the purpose of considering and deciding on the proposal. The States Parties to this Protocol meeting at the Conference of the Parties shall make every effort to achieve consensus on each amendment. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted and no agreement has been reached, the amendment shall, as a last resort, require for its adoption a two-thirds majority vote of the States Parties to this Protocol present and voting at the meeting of the Conference of the Parties.

2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote under this article with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Protocol. Such organizations shall not exercise their right to vote if their member States exercise theirs and vice versa.

3. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States Parties.

4. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article shall enter into force in respect of a State Party ninety days after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of an instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of such amendment.

5. When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States Parties which have expressed their consent to be bound by it. Other States Parties shall still be bound by the provisions of this Protocol and any earlier amendments that they have ratified, accepted or approved.

Article 24

Denunciation

1. A State Party may denounce this Protocol by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Such denunciation shall become effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

2. A regional economic integration organization shall cease to be a Party to this Protocol when all of its member States have denounced it.

Article 25

Depositary and languages

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated depositary of this Protocol.

2. The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Protocol.

4. Convenzione per la repressione di atti illegali contro la sicurezza della navigazione marittima, con protocollo per la repressione dei reati diretti contro la sicurezza delle installazioni fisse sulla piattaforma continentale (Roma, 10 marzo 1988), resa esecutiva con legge 28 dicembre 1989, n. 422

Legge 28 dicembre 1989, n. 422

Capo I

La Camera dei deputati ed il Senato della Repubblica hanno approvato;

IL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA

PROMULGA

la seguente legge:

Articolo 1

1. Il Presidente della Repubblica è autorizzato a ratificare la convenzione per la repressione dei reati diretti contro la sicurezza della navigazione marittima, con protocollo per la repressione dei reati diretti contro la sicurezza delle installazioni fisse sulla piattaforma continentale, firmata a Roma il 10 marzo 1988.

Articolo 2

1. Piena ed intera esecuzione è data alla convenzione ed al protocollo di cui all’articolo 1, a decorrere dalla loro entrata in vigore in conformità a quanto disposto dall’articolo 18 della convenzione e dell’articolo 6 del protocollo stesso.

Capo II

Articolo 3

1. Chiunque, con violenza o minaccia, si impossessa di una nave o di una installazione fissa ovvero esercita il controllo su di essa è punito con la reclusione da otto a ventiquattro anni.

2. Alla stessa pena soggiace, se il fatto è tale da porre in pericolo la sicurezza della navigazione di una nave ovvero la sicurezza di una installazione fissa, chiunque:

(a) distrugge o danneggia la nave o il suo carico ovvero l’installazione;

(b) distrugge o danneggia gravemente attrezzature o servizi di navigazione marittima, o ne altera gravemente il funzionamento;

(c) comunica intenzionalmente false informazioni attinenti alla navigazione;

(d) commette atti di violenza contro una persona che si trovi a bordo della nave o della installazione;

3. Chiunque minaccia di commettere uno dei fatti previsti nelle lettere a), b), e d) del comma 2 è punito con la reclusione da uno a tre anni.

4. Chiunque, nel commettere uno dei fatti previsti dai commi 1 e 2, cagiona la morte di una persona è punito con l’ergastolo.

5. Chiunque nel commettere uno dei fatti previsti dai commi 1 e 2, cagiona ad ciascuno lesioni personali è punito ai sensi degli articoli 582 e 583 del codice penale ma le pene sono aumentate.

6. Quando per le modalità dell’azione e per la tenuità del danno o il fatto è lieve entità, le pene indicate nei commi 1 e 2 sono ridotte da un terzo a due terzi.

7. Le disposizioni del presente articolo non si applicano quando il fatto è previsto come più grave reato da altra disposizione di legge.

Articolo 4

1. Oltre che nei casi indicati negli articoli da 6 a 11 del codice penale, è punito secondo la legge italiana, a richiesta del Ministro di grazia e giustizia:

(a) il cittadino che commette all’estero uno dei reati previsti dall’articolo 3;

(b) lo straniero che commette all’estero uno dei reati previsti dall’articolo 3 ai danni o a bordo di una nave italiana, o di una installazione fissa che si trova sulla piattaforma continentale dello Stato;

(c) lo straniero che commette all’estero uno dei reati previsti dall’articolo 3 se nel commetterli minaccia un cittadino o lo priva della libertà personale o lo uccide o gli cagiona lesioni personali;

(d) lo straniero che commette all’estero uno dei reati previsti dall’articolo 3 al fine di costringere un organo dello Stato a compiere qualsiasi atto o ad astenersene;

(e) lo straniero che commette all’estero uno dei reati previsti dall’articolo 3, quando si trova sul territorio dello Stato e non è disposta l’estradizione verso uno Stato che sia parte della convenzione indicata nell’articolo 1 e che abbia stabilito la sua giurisdizione in base ai criteri previsti in questo articolo.

2. La disposizione del comma 1 si applica anche quando i fatti indicati nell’articolo 3 sono previsti come più grave reato da altre disposizioni di legge.

Articolo 5

1. Ai fini degli articoli 3 e 4, per “installazione fissa” si intende qualunque isola ufficiale, installazione o struttura ancorata permanentemente al fondo marino per l’esplorazione o la coltivazione delle risorse o per altri fini economici.

Articolo 6

1. L’autorità giudiziaria trasmette senza ritardo al Ministro di grazia e giustizia le informazioni necessarie per provvedere alle comunicazioni previsti dall’articolo 7 paragrafo 5, della convenzione indicata nell’articolo 1.

Articolo 7

1. Le disposizioni del presente capo non si applicano alla navigazione interna.

Capo III

Articolo 8

1. Gli articoli da 3 a 7 della presente legge entrano in vigore il giorno dell’entrata in vigore, per l’Italia, della convenzione indicata nell’articolo 1 e, limitatamente alla tutela penale delle installazioni fisse, il giorno dell’entrata in vigore per l’Italia, del protocollo pure indicato nell’articolo 1.

2. Le restanti disposizioni entrano in vigore il giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione della presente legge nella Gazzetta Ufficiale.

La presente legge, munita di sigillo dello Stato, sarà inserita nella Raccolta Ufficiale degli atti normativi della Repubblica italiana. È fatto obbligo a chiunque spetti di osservarla e di farla osservare come legge dello Stato.

Data a Roma, addi’ 28 dicembre 1989

Convenzione per la repressione di atti illegali contro la sicurezza della navigazione marittima

The States Parties to this Convention,

HAVING IN KIND the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the maintenance of international peace and security and the promotion of friendly relations and co-operation among States,

RECOGNIZING in particular that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person, as set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

DEEPLY CONCERNED about the world-wide escalation of acts of terrorism in all its forms, which endanger or take innocent human lives, jeopardize fundamental freedoms and seriously impair the dignity of human beings,

CONSIDERING that unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation jeopardize the safety of persons and property, seriously affect the operation of maritime services, and undermine the confidence of the peoples of the world in the safety of maritime navigation,

CONSIDERING that the occurrence of such acts is a matter of grave concern to the international community as a whole,

BEING CONVINCED of the urgent need to develop international co-operation between States in devising and adopting effective and practical measures for the prevention of all unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation. and the prosecution and punishment of their perpetrators.

RECALLING resolution 40/611 of the General Assembly of the United Nations of 9 December 1985 which, inter alia, “urges all States unilaterally and in co-operation with other States, as well as relevant United Nations organs. to contribute to the progressive elimination of causes underlying international terrorism and to pay special attention to all situations, including colonialism, racism and situations involving mass and flagrant violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and those involving alien occupation, that may give rise to international terrorism and may endanger international peace and security”,

RECALLING FURTHER that Resolution 40/61 “unequivocally condemns, as criminal, all acts, methods and practices of terrorism wherever and by whomever committed, including those which jeopardize friendly relations among States and their security”,

RECALLING ALSO that by Resolution 40/61, the International Maritime Organization was invited to “study the problem of terrorism aboard or against ships with a view to making recommendations on appropriate measures”,

HAVING IN KIND resolution A.584(14) of 20 November 1985, of the Assembly of the International Maritime Organization, which called for development of measures to prevent unlawful acts which threaten the safety of ships and the security of their passengers and crews,

NOTING that acts of the crew which are subject to normal shipboard discipline are outside the purview of this Convention,

AFFIRMING the desirability of monitoring rules and standards relating to the prevention and control of unlawful acts against ships and persons on board ships, with a view to updating them as necessary, and, to this effect, taking note with satisfaction of the Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts against Passengers and Crews on Board Ships, recommended by the Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organization,

AFFIRMING FURTHER that matters not regulated by this convention continue to be governed by the rules and principles of general international law,

RECOGNIZING the need for all States, in combating unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation, strictly to comply with rules and principles of general international law,

HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1

For the purposes of this Convention, “ship” means a vessel of any type whatsoever not permanently attached to the sea-bed, including dynamically supported craft, submersibles, or any other floating craft.

Article 2

1. This Convention does not apply to:

(a) a warship; or

(b) a ship owned or operated by a State when being used as a naval auxiliary or for customs or police purposes; or

(c) a ship which has been withdrawn from navigation or laid up.

2. Nothing in this Convention affects the immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes.

Article 3

1. Any person commits an offence if that person unlawfully and intentionally:

(a) seizes or exercises control over a ship by force or threat thereof or any other form of intimidation; or

(b) performs an act of violence against a person on board a ship if that act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of that ship; or

(c) destroys a ship or causes damage to a ship or to its cargo which is likely to endanger the safe navigation of that ship; or

(d) places or causes to be placed on a ship, by any means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that ship, or cause damage to that ship or its cargo which endangers or is likely to endanger the safe navigation of that ship; or

(e) destroys or seriously damages maritime navigational facilities or seriously interferes with their operation, if any such act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of a ship; or

(f) communicates information which he knows to be false, thereby endangering the safe navigation of a ship; or

(g) injures or kills any person, in connection with the commission or the attempted commission of any of the offences set forth in subparagraphs (a) to (f).

2. Any person also commits an offence if that person:

(a) attempts to commit any of the offences set forth in paragraph 1; or

(b) abets the commission of any of the offences set forth in paragraph 1 perpetrated by any person or is otherwise an accomplice of a person who commits such an offence; or

(c) threatens, with or without a condition, as is provided for under national law, aimed at compelling a physical or juridical person to do or refrain from doing any act, to commit any of the offences set forth in paragraph I, subparagraphs (b), (c) and (e), if that threat is likely to endanger the safe navigation of the ship in question.

Article 4

1. This Convention applies if the ship is navigating of is scheduled to navigate into, through or from waters beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea of a single State, or the lateral limits of its territorial sea with adjacent States.

2. In cases where the Convention does not apply pursuant to paragraph 1, it nevertheless applies when the offender or the alleged offender is found in the territory of a State Party other than the State referred to in paragraph 1.

Article 5

Each State Party shall make the offences set forth in Article 3 punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account the grave nature of those offences.

Article 6

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in Article 3 when the offence is committed:

(a) Against or on board a ship flying the flag of the State at the time the offence is committed; or

(b) In the territory of that State, including its territorial sea; or

(c) By a national of that State.

2. A State Party may also establish its jurisdiction over any such offence when:

(a) It is committed by a stateless person whose habitual residence is in that State; or

(b) During its commission a national of that State is seized, threatened, injured or killed; or

(c) It is committed in an attempt to compel that State to do or abstain from doing any act.

3. Any State Party which has established jurisdiction mentioned in paragraph 2 shall notify the Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization (hereinafter referred to as “the Secretary-General”). If such State Party subsequently rescinds that jurisdiction, it shall notify the Secretary-General.

4. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in Article 3 in cases where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him to any of the States Parties which have established their jurisdiction in accordance with paragraphs I and 2 of this Article.

5. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.

Article 7

1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any State Party in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present shall, in accordance with its law, take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be instituted.

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary inquiry into the facts, in accordance with its own legislation.

3. Any person regarding whom the measures referred to in paragraph 1 are being taken shall be entitled to:

(a) communicate without delay with the nearest appropriate representative of the State of which he is a national or which is otherwise entitled to establish such communication or, if he is a stateless person, the State in the territory of which he has his habitual residence;

(b) be visited by a representative of that State.

4. The rights referred to in paragraph 3 shall be exercised in conformity with the laws and regulations of the State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, subject to the proviso that the said laws and regulations must enable full effect to be given to the purposes for which the rights accorded under paragraph 3 are intended.

5. When a State Party, pursuant to this Article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the States which have established jurisdiction in accordance with Article 6, paragraph 1 and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested States, of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary inquiry contemplated in Paragraph 2 of this Article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction.

Article 8

1. The master of a ship of a State Party (the “flag State”) may deliver to the authorities of any other State Party (the “receiving State”) any person who he has reasonable grounds to believe has committed one of the offences set forth in Article 3.

2. The flag State shall ensure that the master of its ship is obliged, whenever practicable, and if possible before entering the territorial sea of the receiving State carrying on board any person whom the master intends to deliver in accordance with paragraph 1, to give notification to the authorities of the receiving State of his intention to deliver such person and the reasons therefore.

3. The receiving State shall accept the delivery, except where it has grounds to consider that the Convention is not applicable to the acts giving rise to the delivery, and shall proceed in accordance with the provisions of Article 7. Any refusal to accept a delivery shall be accompanied by a statement of the reasons for refusal.

4. The flag State shall ensure that the master of its ship is obliged to furnish the authorities of the receiving State with the evidence in the master’s possession which pertains to the alleged offence.

5. A receiving State which has accepted the delivery of s person in accordance with paragraph 3 may, in turn, request the flag State to accept delivery of that person. The flag State shall consider any such request, and if it accedes to the request it shall proceed in accordance with Article 7. If the flag State declines a request, it shall furnish the receiving State with a statement of the reasons therefore.

Article 9

Nothing in this Convention shall affect in any way the rules of international law pertaining to the competence of States to exercise investigative or enforcement jurisdiction on board ships not flying their flag.

Article 10

1. The State Party in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is found shall, in cases to which Article 6 applies, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case without delay to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution, through proceedings in accordance with the laws of that State. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any other offence of a grave nature under the law of that State.

2. Any person regarding whom proceedings are being carried out in connection with any of the offences set forth in Article 3 shall be guaranteed fair treatment at all stages of the proceedings, including enjoyment of all the rights and guarantees provided for such proceedings by the law of the State in the territory of which he is present.

Article 11

1. The offences set forth in Article 3 shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between any of the States Parties. States Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty, the requested State Party may at its option, consider this Convention as a legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences set forth in Article 3. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State Party.

3. States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences set forth in Article 3 as extraditable offences between themselves, subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

4. If necessary, the offences set forth in Article 3 shall be treated, for the purposes of extradition between States Parties, as if they had been committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in a place within the jurisdiction of the State Party requesting extradition.

5. A State Party which receives more than one request for extradition from States which have established jurisdiction in accordance with Article [6][1]and which decides not to prosecute shall, in selecting the State to which the offender or alleged offender is to be extradited, pay due regard to the interests and responsibilities of the State Party whose flag the ship was flying at the time of the commission of the offence.

6. In considering a request for the extradition of an alleged offender pursuant to this Convention, the requested State shall pay due regard to whether his rights as Bet forth in Article 7, paragraph 3, can be effected in the requesting State.

7. With respect to the offences as defined in this Convention, the provisions of all extradition treaties and arrangements applicable between States Parties are modified as between States Parties to the extent that they are incompatible with this Convention.

Article 12

1. State Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offences set forth in Article 3, including assistance in obtaining evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings.

2. States Parties shall carry out their obligations under paragraph 1 in conformity with any treaties on mutual assistance that may exist between them. In the absence of such treaties, States Parties shall afford each other assistance in accordance with their national law.

Article 13

1. States Parties shall co-operate in the prevention of the offences set forth in Article 3, particularly by:

(a) Taking all practicable measures to prevent preparations in their respective territories for the commission of those offences within or outside their territories;

b) Exchanging information in accordance with their national law, and co-coordinating administrative and other measures taken as appropriate to prevent the commission of offences set forth in Article 3.

2. When, due to the commission of an offence set forth in Article 3, the passage of a ship has been delayed or interrupted, any State Party in whose territory the ship or passengers or crew are present shall be bound to exercise all possible efforts to avoid a ship, its passengers, crew or cargo being unduly detained or delayed.

Article 14

Any State Party having reason to believe that an offence set forth in Article 3 will be committed shall, in accordance with its national law, furnish as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession to those States which it believes would be the States having established jurisdiction in accordance with Article 6.

Article 15

1. Each State Party shall, in accordance with its national law, provide to the Secretary-General, as promptly as possible, any relevant information in its possession concerning:

(a) the circumstances of the offence;

(b) the action taken pursuant to Article 13, paragraph 2;

(c) the measures taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender and, in particular, the results of any extradition proceedings or other legal proceedings.

2. The State Party where the alleged offender is prosecuted shall, in accordance with its national law, communicate the final outcome of the proceedings to the Secretary-General.

3. The information transmitted in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be communicated by the Secretary-General to all States Parties, to Members of the International Maritime Organization (hereinafter referred to as “the Organization”), to the other States concerned, and to the appropriate international intergovernmental organizations.

Article 16

1. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If, within six months from the date of the request for arbitration, the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration anyone of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.

2. Each State may at the time of signature or ratification, acceptance or approval of this Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does not consider itself bound by any or all of the provisions of paragraph 1. The other States Parties shall not be bound by those provisions with respect to any State Party which has made such a reservation.

3. Any State which has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph may, at any time, withdraw that reservation by notification to the Secretary-General.

Article 17

1. This Convention shall be open for signature at Rome on 10 March 1988 by States participating in the International Conference on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and at the Headquarters of the Organization by all States from 14 March 1988 to 9 March 1989. It shall thereafter remain open for accession.

2. States may express their consent to be bound by this Convention by:

(a) Signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(b) Signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(c) Accession.

3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary-General.

Article 18

1. This Convention shall enter into force ninety days following the date on which fifteen States have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect thereof.

2. For a State which deposits an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of this Convention after the conditions for entry into force thereof have been met, the ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall take effect ninety days after the date of such deposit.

Article 19

1. This Convention may be denounced by any State Party at any time after the expiry of one year from the date on which this Convention enters into force for that State.

2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of denunciation with the Secretary-General.

3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation by the Secretary-General.

Article 20

1. A conference for the purpose of revising or amending this Convention may be convened by the Organization.

2. The Secretary-General shall convene a conference of the States Parties to this Convention for revising or amending the Convention, at the request of one third of the States Parties, or ten States Parties, whichever is the higher figure.

3. Any instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession deposited after the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention shall be deemed to apply to the Convention as amended.

Article 21

1. This Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General.

2. The Secretary-General shall:

(a) Inform all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto, and all Members of the Organization, of:

(i) Each new signature or deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession together with the date thereof;

(ii) The date of the entry into force of this Convention;

(iii) The deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Convention together with the date on which it is received and the date on which the denunciation takes effect;

(iv) The receipt of any declaration or notification made under this Convention;

(b) Transmit certified true copies of this Convention to all States which have signed this Convention or acceded thereto.

3. As soon as this Convention enters into force, a certified true copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article 22

This Convention is established in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose have signed this Convention.

DONE AT ROME this tenth day of March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight.

Protocollo per la repressione dei reati diretti contro la sicurezza delle installazioni fisse sulla piattaforma continentale

The States Parties to this Protocol,

BEING PARTIES to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation,

RECOGNIZING that the reasons for which the Convention was elaborated also apply to fixed platforms located on the continental shelf,

TAKING ACCOUNT of the provisions of that Convention,

AFFIRMING that matters not regulated by this Protocol continue to be governed by the rules and principles of general international law,

HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1

The provisions of Articles Sand 7 and of Articles 10 to 16 of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”) shall also apply mutatis mutandis to the offences set forth in Article 2 of this Protocol where such offences are committed on board or against fixed platforms located on the continental shelf.

In cases where this Protocol does not apply pursuant to paragraph 1, it nevertheless applies when the offender or the alleged offender is found in the territory of a State Party other than the State in whose internal waters or territorial sea the fixed platform is located.

For the purposes of this Protocol, “fixed platform” means an artificial island, installation or structure permanently attached to the sea-bed for the purpose of exploration or exploitation of resources or for other economic purposes.

Article 2

1. Any person commits an offence if that person unlawfully and intentionally:

(a) seizes or exercises control over a fixed platform by force or threat thereof or any other form of intimidation; or

(b) performs an act of violence against a person on board a fixed platform if that act is likely to endanger its safety; or

(c) destroys a fixed platform or causes damage to it which is likely to endanger its safety; or

(d) places or causes to be placed on a fixed platform, by any means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that fixed platform or likely to endanger its safety; or

(e) injures or kills any person in connection with the commission or the attempted commission of any of the offences set forth in subparagraphs (a) to (d).

2. Any person also commits an offence if that person:

(a) attempts to commit any of the offences set forth in paragraph 1; or

(b) abets the commission of any such offences perpetrated by any person or is otherwise an accomplice of a person who commits such an offence; or

(c) threatens, with or without a condition, as is provided for under national law, aimed at compelling a physical or juridical person to do or refrain from doing any act, to commit any of the offences set forth in paragraph 1, subparagraphs (b) and (c), if that threat is likely to endanger the safety of the fixed platform.

Article 3

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in Article 2 when the offence is committed:

(a) against or on board a fixed platform while it is located on the continental shelf of that State; or

(b) by a national of that State.

2. A State Party may also establish its jurisdiction over any such offence when:

(a) it is committed by a stateless person whose habitual residence is in that State;

(b) during its commission a national of that State is seized, threatened, injured or killed; or

(c) it is committed in an attempt to compel that State to do or abstain from doing any act.

3. Any State Party which has established jurisdiction mentioned in paragraph 2 shall notify the Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization (hereinafter referred to as “the Secretary-General”). If such State Party subsequently rescinds that jurisdiction, it shall notify the Secretary-General.

4. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in Article 2 in cases where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him to any of the States Parties which have established their jurisdiction in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article.

5. This Protocol does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.

Article 4

Nothing in this Protocol shall affect in any way the rules of international law pertaining to fixed platforms located on the continental shelf.

Article 5

This Protocol shall be open for signature at Rome on 10 March 1988 and at the Headquarters of the International Maritime Organization (hereinafter referred to as “the Organization”) from 14 March 1988 to 9 March 1989 by any State which has signed the Convention. It shall thereafter remain open for accession.

2. States may express their consent to be bound by this Protocol by;

(a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(c) accession.

3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary-General.

4. Only a State which has signed the Convention without& reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or has ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the Convention may become a Party to this Protocol.

Article 6

1. This Protocol shall enter into force ninety days following the date on which three States have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect thereof. However, this Protocol shall not enter into force before the Convention has entered into force.

2. For a State which deposits an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of this Protocol after the conditions for entry into force thereof have been met, the ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall take effect ninety days after the date of such deposit.

Article 7

1. This Protocol may be denounced by any State Party at any time after the expiry of one year from the date on which this Protocol enters into force for that State.

2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of denunciation with the Secretary-General.

3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument of denunciation, after the receipt of the instrument of denunciation by the Secretary-General.

4. A denunciation of the Convention by a State Party shall be deemed to be a denunciation of this Protocol by that Party.

Article 8

1. A conference for the purpose of revising or amending this Protocol may be convened by the Organization.

2. The Secretary-General shall convene a conference of the States Parties to this Protocol for revising or amending the Protocol, at the request of one third of the States Parties, or five States Parties, whichever is the higher figure.

3. Any instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession deposited after the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Protocol shall be deemed to apply to the Protocol as amended.

Article 9

1. This Protocol shall be deposited with the Secretary-General.

2. The Secretary-General shall:

(a) inform all States which have signed this Protocol or acceded thereto, and all Members of the Organization, of:

(i) each new signature or deposit of an Instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, together with the date thereof;

(ii) the date of entry into force of this Protocol;

(iii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this Protocol together with the date on which it Is received and the date on which the denunciation takes effect;

(iv) the receipt of any declaration or notification made under this Protocol or under the Convention, concerning this Protocol;

(b) transmit certified true copies of this Protocol to all States which have signed this Protocol or acceded thereto.

3. As soon as this Protocol enters into force, a certified true copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article 10

This Protocol is established in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic.

DONE AT ROME this tenth day of March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight.